Zyphra is excited to release Zamba2-small, a 2.7B state-of-the-art (SOTA) small language model for on-device applications.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
We present histograms depicting distribution of cluster sizes in all the datasets (see Fig. 7-11). Please, note that all the figures are in log-log scale. We see a significant drop in the number of clusters starting from the size of around 100. This drop is present both in DCLM and FineWeb-Edu2 (see Fig. 8 and 9 respectively), and most likely is explained by a combination of the deduplication strategy and quality when creating both datasets: DCLM deduplication was done individually within 10 shards, while FineWeb-Edu2 was deduplicated within every Common Crawl snapshot. We find that large clusters usually contain low quality material (repeated advertisements, license agreements templates, etc), so it’s not surprising that such documents were removed. Notably, DCLM still contained one cluster with the size close to 1 million documents, containing low quality documents seemingly coming from the advertisements (see Appendix).We find both Zyda-1and Dolma-CC contain a small amount of duplicates, which is expected, since both datasets were deduplicated globally by their authors. Remaining duplicates are likely false negatives from the initial deduplication procedure. Note, that distribution of duplicates clusters sizes of these two datasets (Fig. 10 and 11) don’t contain any sharp drops, but rather hyper exponentially decreases with cluster size.
Below is an example of the document from the largest cluster (~1M documents) of duplicates in DCLM (quality score 0.482627):
Is safe? Is scam?
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Below one will find a few documents with different quality scores from DCLM coming from the same duplicates cluster. Quality score varies from ~0.2 to ~0.04.
Zamba2-small maintains the quality of a 3-4B dense transformer while only requiring the inference compute and memory of a 1-2B dense transformer.
Much of our focus on designing hybrid models is to maintain the best of both worlds (the efficiency of SSM/RNN architectures, and the quality of the transformer architecture). Some of the main contributing factors to Zamba2's benefits over comparable dense transformers are:
Due to these results, we believe Zamba2-2.7B offers a significant improvement over comparable small language models and is especially suited to on-device environments where memory capacity is constrained and inference speed is paramount.
Zamba2-2.7B utilizes and extends our original Zamba hybrid SSM-attention architecture. The core Zamba architecture consists of a backbone of Mamba layers interleaved with one or more shared attention layers (one shared attention in Zamba1, two in Zamba2). This attention has shared weights to minimize the parameter cost of the model. We find that concatenating the original model embeddings to the input to this attention block improves performance, likely due to better maintenance of information across depth. The Zamba2 architecture also applies LoRA projection matrices to the shared MLP to gain some additional expressivity in each block and allow each shared block to specialize slightly to its own unique position while keeping the additional parameter overhead small.
Zamba2-2.7B was pretrained for approximately 3T tokens on a dataset composed of Zyda and open-access pre-training datasets (all aggressively filtered and deduplicated to ensure quality), then annealed on 100B of the highest-quality tokens.
Zamba2-2.7B will be released under an open source license, allowing researchers, developers, and companies to leverage its capabilities. We invite the broader AI community to explore Zamba's unique architecture and continue pushing the boundaries of efficient foundation models. A Huggingface integration is available HERE, and a pure-pytorch implementation is available HERE.
Zyphra's team is committed to democratizing advanced AI systems, exploring novel architectures on the frontier of performance, and advancing the scientific study and understanding of powerful models. We look forward to collaborating with others who share our vision.
